(Maron Thoktaba): = Lon-Thoktaba] : Mutism = Dumbness = the state of inability or refusal may be resulted from total deafness since birth, congenital malformation of the voedapparatus, the effect/affect of a strok or brain damage.
Innate speechlessness most commonly occurs in those who have been totally deaf since birth and the patient is called deaf mute and the state is terrified as deaf-mutism. The brain damage, Aphasia/dysphasia [a disorder of language affecting the generation and content of speech and its understanding (it is not a disorder of articulation). It is caused by disease in the left half of the brain (the dominant hemisphere) in the right hand side of the person. It is commonly accompanied by difficulties is reading and eoriting]. It may also be caused by depression or psychological trauma, in which case the patient either does not speak at all or speaks only to particular person or in particular situation. This condition is called elective mutism.
মশিঙ্গা/মশীনখা
(Mashinga/Masheen-Kha): Bile (I) Viscous yellow- brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and stores in the gall bladder (where becomes slightly more concentrated in consistency). Or (II) thick bitter brownish yellow fluid produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder and used to digest fatty substances and to neutralize acids.
Bile acid = acids (such as cholic acid), found in bile.
Bile duct = tube which links the cystic duct and hepatic duct to the duodenum.
Bile salt = sodium salt of bile acid.
In jaundice, excess bile pigment or the colouring matters in bile flow into the blood and causes the skin to turn yellow. (II) Gall bladder = a pear-shaped seec (7-10 cm long) lying underneath the right lobe of the liver, in which bile is stored. Bile passes (via the hetalic duct) to the gall bladder from the liver where it is formed and released into the duodenum (through the common bile duct) under the influence of the hormone, cholecystokinin (a hormone secreted by the cell of the duodenum in response to the presence of partly digested food in the duodenum. It causes the contraction of the gall bladder and expulsion of the bile into the intensive and stimulate the production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas) which is secreted when food is present in the duodenum. The gall bladder is a common site of stone formation.
Gallstone = a hard mass composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts in varying proportions that can form in the gall bladder.
Bile is stored in the gall bladder untill required by the stomach. If fatty food is present in the stomach bile moves from the gall blader along the bile duct to the stomach. since the liver also secretes bile directly into duodenum, the gall bladder is not an essential organ and can be removed by surgery.
মশিঙ্গাদা নুঙ লৈবা
(Mashinggada Nung Leiba): Gallstone formation = Gallstone as described above is formed in the gall bladder. The formation of gallstone or cholelithiasis occurs when the physical characteristics of bile after so that cholesterol is less soluble, though chronic inflammation of the gall bladder or deminished contractility may also be a contributory factor. Gallstone may also exist for many years without causing symptome However they may cause severe pain (pain resulting from obstruction of the gall bladder or common bile duct, usually by a stone) or they may pass into the common bile duct and cause obstructive jaundice or cholangitis (inflammation of the bile duct). Gallstones are usually diagonised by ultrasonography, but those containing calcium may be seen on a plain X-ray (opaque stone). Cholelithiasis is usually treated by surgical removal of the gallbladder or by removing the stone themselves which can be either dissolved using bile salts by mouth or shattered by ultrasound waves.
মহাও
(Mahau): (I) Taste = Flavour = (I) one of the five senses, where the food/substance in the mouth are noticed through the tongue.- (II) the act of perceiving and awaring the flavour on the sensation by sense seated on the tongue and palate through the taste buds.
Taste buds = the sensory receptors concerned with the sense of taste. They are located in the epitheleum that covers the surface of the tongue lying in the grooves around the papillae particularly the circumvallate papellae. Taste buds are also present in the soft palate, the epiglottis and parts of the pharynx. When taste cell is stimulated by the presence of a dissolved substance impulses are sent via nerve fibres to the brain. From the anterior two- thirds of the tongue impulses pass via the facial nerve. The taste buds in the posterior third of the tongue send impulses via the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The taste are generally held that there are four basic taste sensation, as - sweet, bitter, sour and salt, but two others - alkaline and metallic are sometimes add to this list.
The taste buds on the tip of the tongue identify salt and sweet tastes, those on the sides of the tongue identify sour and those on the back of the mouth (both the tongue and palate) identify bitter taste. The impulse from the taste buds are received by the taste cortex in the temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere.
মহাও
(Mahao): Fat = any sustance that contains one or more fatty acids [acid derived from the fats by hydrolysis (chemical decomposition of organic compounds caused by the action of water)].
(II) a substance that contains one of more fatty acids in the form of triglyceride (lipid that forms the major component of both animal and vegetable fats) and is the principal form in which energy is stored by the body (in adipose = fatty tissue) It also serves as an insulating material beneath the skin (in the subcutaneous tissue) and around certain organs (including kidney). Fat is one of the three main constituents of food. It is necessary in the diet to provide an adequate supply of essential fatty acid and for the efficient absorption of fat soluble vitamines from the intensive Excessive deposition of fat in the body leads to obesity (the condition on which excess fat has accumulated in the body, mostly in subcutaneous tissues or tissues beneath the skin).
(III) the white oily sustance in the body which stores energy and protects the body against the cold.
Body fat = Adipose tissue = tissue where the cells contain fat, which replaces the normal fibrous tissue when too food is eaten.
Brown fat = animal fat which can easily be converted to energy, and is believed to offset the effects of ordinary white fat.
Saturated fat = fats which have the largest amounts of hydrogen possible.
Unsaturated fat = fat which does not have a large amount of hydrogen and can be broken down more easily.
(IV) the type of food which supplies protein and vitamin A and D, especially that part of meat which is white or solid substance (like lard or butter) produced from animals and used for cooking.
Fat soluble = the food which can be dissolved in fat. Vitamin D is a fat soluble.
মহাব্যাধি
(Mahavyadhi): Leprosy, see `Ahorai`.
মহীক
(maheek): (1) Germ = microbe (such as virus or bacteria which caused a disease or part of an organism which develops into a new organism.
Germ cell = Gonocyle = any of the embryonic cells that have the potential to develop into spermatozoa or ova. The term is also applied to any of the cells under going gametogenesis and the gametes themselves.
Germicide = an agent that destroys microorganisms, particularly those causing disease.
(2) Bacteria (sing = Bacterium) = a group of microorganisms all of which lack a distinct nuclear membrane and most of which have a cell wall of unique composition. Most bacteria are unicellular, the cells may be spherical (as in coccus), rod shaped (as in basicillus), spiral (as in spirillum), commashaped (as in vibrio), or corkscrew-shaped (as in spirochaete). Generally they range in size between 0.5 and 5mm (micro (10-6) metre]. Motile species bear one or more fine hairs (as in flagella) araising from their surface. many possess an outer slimy capsule and some have the ability to produce and encysted or resting form (as in endospore). Bacteria reproduce asexually by simple division of cells, incomplete seperation of the daughter cells leads to the formation of colonies consisting of different numbers and arrangements of cells. some collonies are filamentous in shape resembling fungii. Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another takes place in the process of conjugation.
Bacteria are very widely distributed. Some live in soil, water or air ; other are parasites of humans, animals and plants. Many parasitic bacteria do not harm their hosts ; some cause dieseases by producing poisons. like endotoxic and exotoxic.
(3) Bacteroides = a genus of Gram-negative, mostly non motile, an acrobic rodlike bacteria. They are normally present in the alimentary and urinogenital tracts of mammals and are found in the mouth, particularly in dental plague associated with periodontal disease. some species have now been classified into new genera, Porphyromonas and Prevotella.
(4) Virus = a minute particle that is capable of replication but only within living cells. Viruses are too small to be visible with a light microscope and too small to be trapped by filters. They infect animals, plants and microorganisms. Each consists of a core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell. some bear an outer lipid capsule viruses cause many diseases including the common cold, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, herpes, AID, polio and rabies. Antiviral drugs are effective against some of them and many of viral disease are controlled by means of vaccines.
Viruses cannot reproduce themselves and in that sense are not living. In order to reproduce themselves they must invade a cell. Once inside the viral coat dissolves the genetic material takes over the cells`s reproductive machinery and reproduces copies of the virus. Scientists have isolated a new flue virus, shingles is caused by the same virus as chickenpox.
Infectious virus hepatitis = hepatitis transmitted by a carrier through food and/on drink.
Virus pneumonia = Inflammation of the lungs caused by a virus.
মাহী
(Mahee): Liquid = one of the three states of matter between the solid and gas as the intermediatary state in which the volume remain constant but the shape depends on that of its container.
(II) Fluid = a substance in the state of liquid or gas which can move about with freedom and has no fixed shape as the liquid or gas and example :-
(a) Amniotic fluid = fluid in the common among in which an unborn baby or developing fetus floats.
(b) Cerebrospinal fluid = CSF = fluid with surrounds the brain and the spinal cord.
(c) Pleural fluid = fluid which forms between the layers of pleura in pleuresy.
(III) Solvent = a liquid in which a solid or gas is dissolved to form a solution.
মহীক-মতাং
(Maheek-Matang): =Germ = microorganisms especially the bacteria and viruses, see `Maheek`.
মহু
(Mahoo/Mahu): = Hoo/Hu = (I) Poison = (a) any substance that irritates, damages or impairs the activity of the body`s tissue. In large enough does almost may substance acts as a poison, but the term is usually reserved for substances, such as arsenic, cyanide and strychnine, that are harmful in relatively small amounts.
(II) a substance that when taken into the body (by swallowing and ingesting by inhaling or absorption or by injection) damages or destroys the tisue or hinders or prevents the functioning of the body mechanisms Poison aak = the American plants the leaves of which can cause a painful rash if louched.
(III) Venom = a poisonous liquid which is injected in a bite or sting by some animals including reptiles (snakes serpents, etc) and arachnides (scorpions, etc). But this term is especially confined to the snake-poison.
